Txuj ci

Fiber optic cables nqa cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev xa cov teeb pom kev zoo raws li ultra- cov iav fiber ntau nyias nyias, xa cov kev ceev ntau dua, muaj peev xwm, thiab kis tau tus mob ntau dua piv rau cov kev siv tooj liab. Ua los ntawm peb cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb - cov tub ntxhais sab hauv, ib puag ncig cladding, thiab txheej txheej tiv thaiv sab nraud - cov cables no ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas lus niaj hnub broadband, telecom infrastructure, thiab kev lag luam kev sib txuas lus. Kev nkag siabYuav ua li cas optical fibers ua haujlwmtuaj yeem pab daws qee qhov teeb meem nyuaj.

Dab tsi yog Optical Fiber

Optical fiber ntauyog tus neeg xyuas pib sib txuas lus uas siv lub teeb ua nws cov ntaub ntawv nqa khoom thiab iav lossis yas ua nws qhov nruab nrab kis. Cov txheej txheem yooj yim ua haujlwm raws li hauv qab no: cov teeb liab hluav taws xob tau hloov mus rau hauv lub teeb pulses, kis ntawm kev kub ceev los ntawm cov iav tsis tshua muaj nyias, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov rov qab rau hauv hluav taws xob teeb liab ntawm qhov kawg tau txais. Tus qauv kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 125 micrometers - roughly tib yam li tib neeg cov plaub hau. Txawm hais tias qhov no zoo kawg nkaus ntoo khaub lig- ntu, sab hauv muaj qhov tseeb ntau- txheej txheej concentric, nrog rau txhua txheej ua haujlwm ywj pheej.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm optical fiber thiab fiber optic cable. Afiber ntau optic cableyog ib tug ua tiav cable sib dhos uas muaj ib los yog ntau dua optical fibers nrog rau cov tswv cuab lub zog thiab cov tsho tiv thaiv, tsim los xa cov ntaub ntawv raws li pulses ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv ntev kev deb.

Plaub - Txheej Txheem Lub Cev ntawm Fiber Optic Cable

To taubDab tsi yog fiber optic cable yog ua los ntawm, cia peb saib ze dua ntawm nws plaub qhov tseeb -cov txheej txheem engineering los ntawm sab hauv tawm.

Core

Nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab, cov tub ntxhais muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 8 mus rau 62.5 micrometers thiab ua haujlwm raws li cov channel tiag tiag los ntawm cov teeb liab mus. Cov tub ntxhais yog tsim los ntawm siab - purity silicon dioxide (SiO₂) doped nrog cov lej ntawm germanium (Ge) kom nce nws qhov taw qhia qhov taw qhia. Lub purity ntawm cov tub ntxhais ncaj qha txiav txim siab lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob thiab poob theem - kev sib txuas lus-qib fiber ntau yuav tsum tau iav purity ntawm 99.99% los yog siab dua.

Cladding

Covfiber ntau optic cable claddingnyob ib puag ncig lub hauv paus nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm 125 micrometers. Nws kuj yog ua los ntawm silicon dioxide, tab sis nrog ib tug sib txawv doping mis uas muab nws ib tug me ntsis qis refractive index tshaj cov tub ntxhais. Qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej ntawm lub cev uas ua rau lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob - yam tsis muaj nws, lub teeb yuav tsuas xau tawm ntawm fiber ntau.

Txheej (Buffer)

Ib lossis ob txheej ntawm UV-kho acrylatetxheejyog thov hla lub cladding, nqa tag nrho fiber ntau txoj kab uas hla mus rau 250 micrometers. Cov txheej tiv thaiv cov iav liab qab los ntawm microbending, khawb, thiab noo noo nkag. Txheej degradation yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov fibers tom qab siv sijhawm ntev -.

Jacket

Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv sab nraud feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm polyethylene (PE) lossis polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nrog qee cov ntawv tshwj xeeb siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qis qis Halogen (LSZH). Lub tsho kuj tseem muaj aramid fibers (Kevlar), hlau hlau, lossis fiberglass reinforced yas (FRP) rods ua cov tswv cuab muaj zog los tiv thaiv tensile, compressive, thiab khoov kev ntxhov siab thaum lub sij hawm teeb tsa.

Ua ke, plaub txheej no - siab-purity silica core, doped silica cladding, acrylate txheej, thiab lub tsho polymer - ua rau qhov tseem ceebCov khoom siv fiber ntaupom nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev sib txuas lus - qib cable.

Hauv kev xa tawm tiag tiag, ntau ntau txog ntau txhiab tus fibers kho qhov muag tau muab khi ua ke rau hauv ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag. Optical cable thiab optical fiber yog ob lub ntsiab lus sib txawv: fiber ntau yog qhov nruab nrab kis; cable yog cov khoom tiav suav nrog fibers, cov tswv cuab muaj zog, thiab cov tsho tiv thaiv.

Yuav Ua Li Cas Fiber Optic Cables Ua Haujlwm

Total Internal Reflection

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus qabYuav ua li cas fiber optic cables xa cov ntaub ntawvyog Total Internal Reflection (TIR). Thaum lub teeb mus los ntawm qhov nruab nrab nrog qhov ntsuas siab dua rau hauv ib qho nrog qis dua qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas, thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov tshwm sim dhau ntawm lub kaum sab xis, lub teeb pom kev 100% rov qab mus rau qhov siab dua -index sab es tsis dhau los ntawm qhov cuam tshuam. Fiber optics siv raws li txoj cai no: lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm refractive index (kwv yees li 1.467) yog siab tshaj lub cladding's (kwv yees li 1.460), yog li lub teeb ceeb toom tsis tu ncua thaws tawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv - cladding interface ntawm ntiav grazing ces kaum, propagating raws cov fiber.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm no yog Numerical Aperture (NA). NA piav qhia txog lub kaum sab xis siab tshaj plaws uas cov fiber ntau tuaj yeem txais lub teeb tuaj, txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab cladding. Lub NA loj dua muab kev sib txuas ntau dua, ua kom yooj yim rau kev sib haum xeeb nrog lub teeb pom kev zoo, tab sis kuj ua rau kom tawg thiab degrades cov teeb liab zoo. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov lag luam tseem ceeb- tawm hauv fiber ntau tsim.

Ua kom tiav Optical Communication Link

To taubfiber optic cable ua haujlwm li casnyob rau hauv ib tug tiag tiag -lub ntiaj teb no system, peb yuav tsum tau saib peb theem tseem ceeb ntawm iboptical fiber kev sib txuas lustxuas.

Transmitter:Cov teeb liab hluav taws xob yog thawj zaug encoded rau hauv digital pulse sequence (0s thiab 1s), ces lub teeb ci hloov lawv mus rau hauv cov pulses optical. Muaj ob hom teeb pom kev zoo: laser diodes (LD) thiab lub teeb -emitting diodes (LED). Laser diodes muab lub zog tso zis ntau dua, nqaim spectral dav, thiab nrawm dua tus nqi, ua rau lawv haum rau qhov ntev - nrug, siab - ceev xwm txheej. LEDs qis dua - nqi tab sis muaj qhov dav dav dav dav, haum rau luv luv - daim ntawv thov nyob deb.

Fiber (Kev xa tawm ntu):Thaum optical pulses nkag mus rau hauv fiber, lawv propagate raws lub hauv paus. Nyob rau hauv ntev - kis tau tus mob nyob deb, optical amplifiers tau muab tso rau ntawm lub sij hawm tsis tu ncua los them rau cov teeb liab attenuation. Niaj hnub nimno Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) optical fiber ntau technologymuaj peev xwm nqa tau 80 mus rau 160 qhov sib txawv wavelength raws nyob rau hauv ib lub fiber ntau, txhua tus ntawm nws tus kheej nqa cov ntaub ntawv, ua rau ib leeg - fiber ntau muaj peev xwm ntawm terabits-ib - theem ob.

Tus txais:Lub photodetector (feem ntau yog tus PIN photodiode lossis avalanche photodiode, APD) hloov pauv tau txais cov pulses kho qhov muag rov qab rau hauv cov teeb liab hluav taws xob, uas yog tom qab ntawd rov qab los rau cov ntaub ntawv qub los ntawm kev rov qab los thiab kev txiav txim siab circuits.

Teeb liab attenuation

Lub teeb kis tau los ntawm fiber ntau tsis yog cov txheej txheem lossless. Teeb liab attenuation yog qhov tseem ceeb txwv nyob rau hauvfiber optic kev sib txuas luskev tsim qauv.

Attenuation los ntawm peb qhov chaw tseem ceeb. Thawj yog cov khoom nqus dej - residual hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) nyob rau hauv cov iav tsim qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov wavelengths (ib puag ncig 1383 nm), uas yog vim li cas niaj hnub kev sib txuas lus fibers feem ntau siv 1310 nm thiab 1550 nm qis - qhov rais poob. Qhov thib ob yog Rayleigh scattering - kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb thiab microscopic density irregularities nyob rau hauv lub iav ua rau tawg poob, lub tseem ceeb poob mechanism ntawm luv wavelengths. Qhov thib peb yog khoov poob - ntau dhau me me fiber ntau khoov radii ua rau lub teeb pom kev los ntawm cov tub ntxhais.

Rau kev siv, tam sim no lub ntsiab tseem ceeb G.652D ib leeg- hom fiber ntau muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm 0.35 dB / km ntawm 1310 nm thiab 0.20 dB / km ntawm 1550 nm. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ntawm 1550 nm, lub teeb liab lub zog poob mus rau 1% ntawm nws thawj theem tom qab taug kev 100 km. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntev - cov kab tsheb thauj mus los yuav tsum muaj lub tshuab hluav taws xob kho qhov muag txhua 80 mus rau 100 km rau lub teeb liab rov tsim dua.

Fiber Optic Cable Hom:Tib-Mod vs. Multi-Mode

Optical fibers tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv sib kis. Cov nohom fiber ntau optic cableSib txawv hauv cov qauv ntawm lub cev, kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, thiab cov kev siv tsim nyog.

Tib -Mode Fiber (SMF)

Tib - hom fiber ntau muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 8 mus rau 10 micrometers thiab tso cai rau tsuas yog ib hom qauv (LP01) los nthuav tawm. Los ntawm kev tshem tawm intermodal dispersion, ib qho - hom fiber ntau ua tiav qhov bandwidth - cov khoom nyob deb deb tshaj li ntawm ntau- hom fiber ntau, ua rau nws txoj kev xaiv rau nruab nrab - thiab ntev - kev sib txuas lus deb.

Kev khiav hauj lwm wavelengths yog 1310 nm thiab 1550 nm, siv Distributed Feedback Laser Diodes (DFB-LD) ua lub teeb ci. Kev sib kis deb tuaj yeem ncav cuag kaum mus rau pua pua ntawm kilometers (ntev mus rau ntau txhiab mais nrog optical amplifiers). Lub tsho sab nrauv xim code yog daj.

Cov qauv tsim qauv tseem ceeb suav nrog ITU-T G.652 (tus qauv ib zaug -mode), G.655 (tsis yog-zero dispersion hloov), thiab G.657 (khoov- tsis txaus, tsim los rau FTTH xa tawm).

Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)

Multi- hom fiber ntau muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 50 lossis 62.5 micrometers, tso cai rau ntau pua mus rau txhiab tushom ntawm optical fiberkom nthuav tawm tib lub sijhawm. Cov qauv sib txawv taug kev ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, tuaj txog ntawm lub receiver ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv - ib qho tshwm sim hu ua intermodal dispersion - uas ncaj qha txwv ntau - hom fiber ntau qhov kev ncua deb thiab bandwidth.

Kev khiav hauj lwm wavelengths yog 850 nm thiab 1300 nm, siv VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers) los yog LEDs ua lub teeb ci. Qhov kev ncua deb yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv ob peb puas meters. Rau lub tsho xim xim: OM3 / OM4 siv aqua, OM5 siv txiv qaub ntsuab, thiab OM1 / OM2 siv txiv kab ntxwv.

Txoj Cai Xaiv

Ntawm covntau hom fiber ntau cable, qhov kev txiav txim siab yog kis tau tus mob nrug. Rau qhov deb li ntawm 300 meters - xws li intra-cov ntaub ntawv- nruab nrab kev sib txuas thiab hauv - tsev cabling - multi- hom fiber ntau muab tus nqi kom zoo dua, vim nws cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tau raug nqi qis dua ib qho - hom sib npaug. Tshaj li 500 meters - lub tsev kawm ntawv qaum tsev, lub nroog network, thiab ntev - cov kab tsheb thauj mus los - ib leeg- hom fiber ntau yog tib txoj kev xaiv. Nyob rau hauv lawv qhov kev pom zoo nyob deb li cas, tsis yog hom twg yog universally superior; ntau- hom kev daws teeb meem feem ntau muab tus nqi qis dua ntawm cov tswv cuab.

Yuav Ua Li Cas Fiber Optic Cables Ua

Fiber optic cables feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ultra- iav silica ntshiab (silicon dioxide), uas yog kos rau hauv filaments thinner dua tib neeg cov plaub hau rau kis tau tus mob optical signals. Ib qho fiber ntau optic cable muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb: lub hauv paus tseem ceeb uas nqa cov teeb liab teeb pom kev zoo, ib puag ncig iav cladding uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam sab hauv, cov txheej txheem polymer tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv cov fiber ntau los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev, thiab txhawb zog cov tswv cuab, xws li Kevlar los yog hlau, uas txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob..Optical fiber ntau lawmzaum ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm precision chemical engineering thiab optical science. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem tau muab faib ua ob theem: preform fabrication thiab fiber ntau kos duab.

Preform Fabrication

Lub preform yog siab -purity iav pas nrig kwv yees li 10 mus rau 20 centimeters nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla thiab txog 1 meter ntev, nrog rau cov tub ntxhais- cladding refractive index profile twb tsim nyob rau hauv. Muaj plaub txoj kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb: MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition), OVD (Sab nraum Vapor Deposition), VAD (Vapor Axial Deposition), thiab PCVD (Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition).

Noj cov txheej txheem OVD ua piv txwv: siab -purity silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄) thiab germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄) gases undergo oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ib tug hydrogen - pa taws. Qhov tshwm sim SiO₂ thiab GeO₂ cov khoom tso rau ntawm lub hom phiaj tig, tsim cov txheej txheem los ntawm txheej los ua ib lub iav ntxeem tau (hu ua "soot preform"), uas tom qab ntawd lub cev qhuav dej ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, sintered, thiab tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom, pob tshab preform.

Ib qho preform tuaj yeem ua rau ntau pua mais ntawm fiber ntau. Lub preform qhov zoo txiav txim siab tag nrho cov fiber ntau optical kev ua tau zoo yam ntxwv - nrog rau attenuation, dispersion, thiab cutoff wavelength - tsis tau kaw nyob rau hauv lub preform theem thiab kho tsis tau thaum lub sij hawm daim duab txheej txheem.

Daim duab Fiber

Lub preform yog pub rau hauv ib tug kos pej thuam, ib tug ntsug qauv kwv yees li 20 mus rau 30 meters siab. Hauv qab kawg ntawm lub preform yog rhuab mus rau kwv yees li 2,000℃kom soften lub iav, uas yog ces kos nyob rau hauv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab nro tswj mus rau hauv ib tug fiber nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 125 micrometers. Kev kos duab nrawm tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1,000 txog 2,500 meters ib feeb.

Thaum lub sij hawm kev kos duab, cov fiber ntau dhau los ntawm inline laser txoj kab uas hla gauge rau tiag - lub sij hawm soj ntsuam nrog qhov tseeb ntawm ± 0.1 micrometers, ces tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau txheej txheej - ob txheej ntawm acrylate yog kho nyob rau hauv UV teeb, nqa lub fiber txoj kab uas hla mus rau 250 micrometers. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem los ntawm softening mus rau txheej kho nyob rau hauv tsawg tshaj li ib ob.

Tom qab kos duab, cov fiber ntau dhau los ua pov thawj, feem ntau raug rau 0.69 GPa (kwv yees li 1% strain) ntawm kev nro kom tshem tawm cov seem uas muaj microcracks, kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom xa khoom fiber ntau muaj kev ntseeg tau raws li 25-xyoo kev pabcuam lub neej.

Fiber Optic Cable Advantages tshaj tooj liab

Thaum sib piv fiber ntau rau tooj liab, lubqhov zoo ntawm optical fiberua kom meej meej tam sim ntawd. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog vim li cas fiber ntau tau dhau los ua qhov nruab nrab nyiam rau cov tes hauj lwm niaj hnub no.

Fiber thiab tooj liab yog complementary, tsis muaj kev sib tw. Tam sim no lub ntsiab network architecture ua raws li "fiber-rau--ntug" txoj cai - nraub qaum thiab cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg siv fiber ntau, thaum cov txheej nkag tau (txog ob peb kaum meters kawg rau cov khoom siv kawg) tseem siv tooj liab. Cov qauv kev tsim vaj tsev no tsis xav tias yuav hloov pauv hauv 5 mus rau 10 xyoo tom ntej.

Optical Fiber Applications

Covsiv rau fiber ntau opticsnthuav dav yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam, los ntawm kev sib txuas lus mus rau tshuaj. Nov yog thaj chaw thov tseem ceeb.

Telecom thiab Internet Backbone

Lub ntiaj teb internet khiav ntawm fiber ntau. Undersea fiber optic cables thiab terrestrial ntev -haul trunk cables txuas continents. 5G base chaw nres tsheb fronthaul thiab midhaul tes hauj lwm kuj vam khom fiber ntau, nrog rau txhua lub hauv paus chaw nres tsheb yuav tsum tau 6 mus rau 12 fiber cores. Hauv qhov ntsuas no, lubsiv fiber ntau optic cable hauv kev sib thamtsim cov caj qaum heev ntawm kev sib txuas thoob ntiaj teb.

Data Centers

Cov chaw zov me nyuam siv OM3/OM4 multi-mode fiber ntau rau luv-nruab deb siab-kev sib txuas ceev hauv. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam, ib qho - hom fiber ntau nrog kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag siv thev naus laus zis, nrog rau ib - wavelength speeds twb mus txog 400G thiab 800G kev xa tawm mus.

FTTH (Fiber rau Tsev)

FTTH coj fiber ntau ncaj qha rau cov neeg siv hauv tsev, siv PON (Passive Optical Network) thev naus laus zis los faib cov teeb liab kho qhov muag rau ntau tus neeg siv kawg, ua tiav gigabit- chav kawm broadband nkag ntawm tus nqi qis.

Industrial thiab Sensing

Fiber optic sensors yog siv rau qhov kub thiab txias xyuas, dav siv nyob rau hauv cov roj thiab roj pipelines, fais fab cables, qhov hluav taws kub ceeb toom systems, thiab loj -scale kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv.

Kho mob

Fiber optic daim ntawv thovhauv cov tshuaj txuas ntxiv nthuav dav - endoscopes, phais lasers, thiab cov duab kos duab txhua qhov tso siab rau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag rau kev teeb pom kev zoo, kev kos duab, thiab kev txhawb nqa kev phais mob.

Tub rog thiab Aerospace

Fiber optics hloov tooj liab nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus tub rog, cov ntaub ntawv tsheb npav, thiab aerospace systems, muab EMI tiv thaiv thiab eavesdropping kuj. Fiber optic gyroscopes yog dav siv nyob rau hauv aircraft thiab missile taw qhia systems.