Vim li cas piv FTH VS FTTX?
Lub hli tas los, ib lub nroog broadband npaj cov nyiaj siv $ 2.3m rau lawv tus tswv qhuas hu ua "ftth xa tawm" rau 800 tus neeg nyob deb nroog. Peb lub hlis tsim qauv, lawv nrhiav tau tus neeg muag khoom cov lus tau teev tseg FTTC {} {} {{{{9- lub tsev. Kev ua yeeb yam sib txawv? FTH yuav xa cov sandmermetrical gigigit ceev. FTTC, txwv tsis pub los ntawm qhov kawg tooj liab ntu, ua kom siab tshaj plaws ntawm 100 Mbps nrog kev ncua- kev cia siab. Cov peev txheej sib kis los txhim kho kom muaj tseeb hauv FTH: ib qho ntxiv $ 640,000 lawv tsis muaj.
Nov tsis yog ib rooj plaub ntawm cov neeg muag khoom dag ntxias. Nws yog terminological tsis meej pem li ntau hauv kev sib tw uas nws derails projects txhua lub limtiam. When people ask "ftth vs fttx"-comparing fiber-to-the-home against fiber-to-the-x-they're revealing a fundamental misunderstanding about what these terms actually represent. FTHT tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev FTTX. FTH yog ib hom tshwj xeeb hauv tsev neeg FTTX. Muab piv rau lawv yog zoo li nug "Sedans VS tsheb?" {{{}} Cov lus nug tsis meej pem tias ua rau muaj nqi kim heev.
Lub Terminology cuab: Vim li cas piv txwv no txawm muaj
Ntawm no yog cov kev lag luam tsis xis nyob: cov xov tooj kev lag luam tsim qhov kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev siv cov lus siv tsis sib xws thoob plaws xyoo ntawm kev siv fiber ntau thoob plaws ntau thoob plaws xyoo. Thaum fiber ntau optic networked thawj zaug thaum xyoo 1990, "FTTX" yog qhov}} Sij hawm dhau los, cov chaw ua lag luam tawm, kev siv tshwj xeeb, thiab kev siv tshwj xeeb blurred verinctions kom txog thaum ntau tus neeg tam sim no siv cov lus no sib txawv lossis tsis yog.
Qhov tshwm sim: Thaum ib tug neeg tshawb nrhiav "FTTH VS FTTX," Lawv yog feem ntau yog nug ib ntawm peb nqe lus nug sib txawv:
Lo lus nug 1: "Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua txoj kev mus rau kuv lub tsev feem ntau cov fiber ntau uas nres ib qho twg ua ntej kuv lub tsev?"
Qhov no yog qhov tseeb nug txog FTH piv rau FTTC / FTTN {}} Nplooj ntawv nres ntawm txoj kev txee lossis ntawm, nrog tooj liab ua tiav qhov kev sib txuas.
Lo lus nug 2: "Koj yuav tsum xaiv cov architecture uas muaj fiber ntau ntxiv?"
Qhov no thov kom txiav txim siab ntawm FTH, FTB, FTTC, FTTN, thiab lwm yam kev teeb tsa {{}} txhua yam yog hom fttx.
Lo lus nug 3: "Kuv hnov kuv ISP muaj ob qho 'FTTX' thiab 'FTH' - Dab tsi yog qhov txawv?"
Qhov no qhia kev ua haujlwm tsis meej pem qhov twg "FTTX" yog siv tsis tau "tsis yog}}} tooj}," sib piv nrog "fiber ntau ftth. Qhov kev siv no yog cov kev lag luam tsis raug tab sis ua lag luam.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm 340 Cov haujlwm muaj fiber ntau hauv North America pom tias 67% kev paub txog nruab nrab ntawm kev npaj, nrog rau 23 ftth network "yog fttc architecture. Tus nqi nruab nrab los kho cov kev tsis to taub no: $ 127,000 rau ib qhov project hauv kev hloov cov xaj thiab qeeb.
Qhov kev sib raug zoo: FTTX yog tsev neeg, FTTH yog ib tus tswv cuab
Txhawm rau kom nkag siab yog vim li cas piv ftth vs fttx ua rau kev txiav txim siab me, koj yuav tsum pom cov hierarchy me me:
FTX (fiber - rau -- x)Yog lub kaus kaus uas muaj tag nrho cov fiber ntau lub network kos duab. Tus "X" yog tus chaw sawv cev rau ntau cov ntsiab lus txiav tawm. Txhua qhov fiber ntau cov ntaub ntawv fiber ntau uas siv cov fiber ntau rau ib feem ntawm "kawg mais" kev sib txuas poob qis hauv FTTX.
Hauv tsev neeg FTTX, koj muaj:
GROUP 1: TAS NRHO Fiber
FTTH (Fiber-to-the-Home): Fiber terminates at boundary of individual dwelling
FTB (fiber - ------}
FTTP (Fiber-to-the-Premises): Generic term for fiber reaching the property boundary
FTTR (Fiber - --}}}}}}}}} recordends rau txhua chav nyob hauv ib lub tsev
GROUP 2: Fiber ntau ntu, tooj liab ntu kawg
FTTC / FTTK (Fiber- {{1} {{} Txoj Kev Hlub / 300m los ntawm thaj chaw, tooj Pauv
FTTN (Fiber - rau --- {2}-}}
FTTDP (Fiber - {{1} {} {2} {2} Nyob rau hauv thaj chaw, luv tshaj plaws tooj liab ntu
Kev lag luam hauv xov tooj cua pom zoo rau cov ntsiab lus no nyob rau xyoo 2006 thaum peb pawg ntseeg FTY (Europe, thiab Asia} {{1} {{1} {{1} {{1} {{1} {{1} { Qhov kev pom zoo meej meej rau kev txhais fttth thiab FTB raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm FTTC thiab FTTN, nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb, nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb lossis nres luv luv nrog tooj liab Bridging qhov sib txawv.
Yog li thaum ib tug neeg nug "yuav tsum tau kuv xa FTTH VS FTTX," Lawv tau thov kom ua tau tiag tiag "tag nrho cov hom?" Cov lus nug uas ua rau kev nkag siab: "Kuv puas yuav tsum tso fttth piv rau FTTC?" lossis "uas FTTX architecture fits kuv cov kev xav tau?"
Vim li cas cov tsis meej pem cov feem ntau: Kev Ua Lag Luam VS Kev Qhov Tiag
Yog hais tias lub hom phiaj kev kawm tau hais tias yog vim li cas tsis meej pem muaj ib qho muaj txiaj ntsig? Vim tias kev siv cov lag luam feem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus txhais rau peb pragmatic vim li cas:
Vim li cas 1: Kev Lag Luam Sib Txawv
Cov chaw pabcuam hauv Is Taws Nem (ISPS) Deploying FTH xav kom sib txawv los ntawm cov neeg sib tw muab FTTC lossis FTTN. Hais tias "Peb muab FTTX" suab tsis muaj nqis dua "peb muab FTH." Yog li cov pab pawg ua lag luam pib siv "FTTX" raws li shorthand rau "tsis}-}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
Tus neeg European tau lees tias yog tus neeg siv hluav taws xob zoo nkauj 'vim tias cov neeg lag luam zoo nkauj, tab sis kev lag luam, peb ua haujlwm rau lawv raws li lwm txoj haujlwm. "
This creates the false dichotomy: "Choose between FTTH (the good fiber) or FTTx (the okay-ish fiber)." Technically nsensensical. Kev ua lag luam ua lag luam tau zoo.
Vim li cas 2: Kev Tswj Xyuas thiab Nyiaj Txiag
Tsoomfwv cov chaw pabcuam broadband feem ntau hais kom meej "FTTH lossis sib npaug" lossis "FTTX Cov Khoom Ua Kom Muaj Kev Kawm Tsawg Tsawg." Cov kev tswj hwm cov kev tswj hwm no muaj cov xwm txheej "FTTX" dhau los ua lej rau "thaum" FTH "txhais tau tias" kev xaiv ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. "
Tebchaws Asmeskas Bead (broadband sib luag, nkag mus, thiab kev xa tawm) Qhov chaw ua haujlwm "} {}-}} txhua lub sij hawm es tsis yog fttx. Qhov kev tsim kev tsim ntawd "FTTX" sawv cev qis dua - qhov kev daws teeb meem, thaum technically ftp yog nws tus kheej hauv FTTX tsev neeg.
VIM LI CAS 3: LEMACACY TMININATION Terminology Evolution
Thaum ntxov 2000s, thaum muaj fiber kev xa tawm sai sai, "FTTX" feem ntau implied "peb tsis paub tseeb- Nws nyob ntawm lub xaib." Cov phiaj xwm yuav tau hais tias "Peb ua FTTX xa" lub ntsiab lus "} {} {{} {} {{} {} {} {
Sij hawm dhau los, kev siv cov koom haum tsim tau qhov twg "FTTX" txhais tau tias "hloov tau cov ftthible / hybrid fiber ntau" lub ntsiab lus "tau cog lus puv puv." Cov ntsiab lus txhais tsis tau txhawb txoj kev txawv no, tab sis kev siv tswv yim rau nws.
Kev ua yeeb yam kev ua tau zoo: vim li cas architecture ua rau muaj teeb meem
Teem tseg cov lus tsis meej pem, cov lus nug tseem ceeb hauv qab "FTTH VS FTTX" kev sib piv yog: "Ua kom muaj kev ua yeeb yam zoo txaus los ua qhov sib txawv?"
Lo lus teb: kiag li, thiab QEEMFUGILUBANLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUSLUBANLUSLUBANLUSH
Cov ntaub ntawv kis tau
Ftth (Fiber txhua txoj kev mus tsev):
Theoretical ntau: {{10+ gbps bidirectional (tam sim no coj mus muag khoom feem ntau 1-2 gbps)
Symmetrical bandwidth: upload sib npaug rub tawm ceev
Latency: Feem ntau 1-5ms rau hauv zos taw tes ntawm muaj
Kev deb ntawm kev ywj pheej: kev ua yeeb yam zoo ib yam nkaus li 100m lossis 10km los ntawm central chaw ua haujlwm
Cov teeb liab teeb meem: Tsis lees paub txog qhov kev ncua deb hauv 20km
FTTC (fiber ntau rau txee, tooj liab 300m):
Qhov ntau kawg: 100-300 MBPS nyob ntawm tooj liab zoo thiab nyob deb
Asymmetrical bandwidth: upload kom qeeb qeeb dua rub tawm (feem ntau 10: 1 piv)
Latency: 10-30ms rau hauv zos Point ntawm muaj (tooj liab ntu ntxiv ntxiv)
Kev nrug deb: Ua tau zoo ua rau tsis txaus siab sai tshaj 200M los ntawm txee
Taw qhia teeb meem: ntau hauv tooj liab ntu, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov hluav taws xob cuam tshuam hluav taws xob
FTTN (Fiber rau cov neeg nyob ze, tooj liab mus txog 1km):
Qhov ntau kawg: 50-100 Mbps rau thaj chaw ze ntawm node, poob mus rau 25 Mbps lossis tsawg dua nyob deb
Asymmetrical bandwidth: upload cov kev txwv (5-10 Mbps raug)
Latency: 20-50ms
Thaum kawg dobent: thaj chaw 800m + los ntawm node kev ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab tseem ceeb
Cov Teeb Meem Kev Ntseeg Vaj Tse: Tooj Segment tsis yooj yim rau dej puas tsuaj, xeb, cuam tshuam
Ntau - teb chaws} Lub teb chaws kawm ntawm 50, 000+ kev txhim kho sau tseg cov kev ua tau zoo:
FTH Muab Faib: 94% tiav tau rated ceev tsis pub dhau 5% ntawm kev tshaj tawm bandwidth
FTTC Kev Ua Haujlwm: 67% tiav qhov ntsuas nrawm, nrog kev ua tau zoo sib txawv 15-45% raws li qhov deb ntawm txee
FTTN kev teeb tsa: 48% tiav qhov ntsuas nrawm nrawm (qee cov neeg siv tau 80 mbps, lwm tus nyob rau ntawm tooj liab)
Qhov kev ncua deb los piav txog vim li cas FTTN / FTTC cov kev tsis txaus siab tsim cov nqi qhua tuaj yeem tab sis tau txais kev ua tau zoo sib xws
Ntev - lo lus reliability qauv
Tshaj li thawj zaug kev ua yeeb yam, architecture txiav txim siab txij nkawm kev tswj hwm thiab ntev - sij hawm kev ntseeg tau:
Kev Txij Nkawm Ftth:
Fiber ntau nws tus kheej yuav tsum tau tseem ceeb xoom txij nkawm (kom zoo nruab fiber ntau 20-30+ xyoo)
Cov ntsiab lus tsis ua hauj lwm: Qhov kev sib txuas no thiab cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm (OLT, ONT)
Txhais tau tias lub sijhawm ua tsis tiav: Feem ntau 7 - 12 xyoo rau cov cuab yeej siv-cov khoom siv
Huab cua cuam tshuam: tsis saib xyuas huab cua (fiber cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, noo noo nyob rau hauv cable)
FTTC / FTTN Kev Tu:
Seem: Tib yam tsis tshua muaj txij li ftth
Tooj liab ntu: Yuav tsum muaj lub sijhawm txij nkawm, cuam tshuam rau corrosion thiab dej ingress
Cov ntsiab lus tsis ua hauj lwm: Tooj liab sib txuas, cov cuab yeej siv ua haujlwm, thiab tooj Cable kev tsis zoo
Txhais tau tias lub sijhawm ua tsis tiav: 4-7 xyoo rau tooj liab ntu
Huab cua cuam tshuam: Cov nag tseem ceeb (hnyav los nag degrives tooj liab kev ua tau zoo, txias txias txias ua rau kev sib txuas tsis ua tiav)
Tus UK Isp cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv uas pom FTTC Tsim cov ntawv hu rau FTTHER (Correper-} Lawv cov nqi txheeb xyuas: FTH nqi 40% ntxiv rau kev tso cai tab sis 60% tsawg dua los tswj tau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo, ua kom tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov tswv cuab qis dua xyoo 4.
Txoj kev xaiv nyiaj txiag: Thaum twg kos duab kos duab?
Yog tias ftth muab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab qis dua ntev {{}} Tod Cov nqi, vim li cas ib tug neeg uas muab FTTC lossis FTTN? Vim hais tias kev lag luam tsis txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua tau ib leeg - Kuv zoo li tus nqi, ntom hauv cov tsev, thiab cov sij hawm.
Kev xa tawm tus nqi tsim nyog
Cov nqi raug rau ib lub tsev dhau (chaw nyob hauv qhov chaw, tsis txuas nrog):
FTH: $ 1,200-2,500 (nws txawv txav los ntawm ntom thiab av)
FTB: $ 800 {- 1,500 (kev lag luam ntawm nplai hauv ntau chav nyob)
FTTC: $ 600-1,200 (Txoj Kev Khwv Nyiaj Liab uas twb muaj lawm tooj liab rau ntu kawg)
FTTN: $ 400 {- 800 (tus nqi ib-hauv tsev, cov nuj nqis tshaj plaws hauv node infrastructure)
Cov nqi raug rau ib lub tsev txuas (nquag subscriber):
FTH: Ntxiv $ 300-600 rau ont installation thiab fiber kev txiav
FTB: Ntxiv $ 200-400 rau ib chav
FTTC / FTTN: Ntxiv rau: ntxiv $ 150-250 rau kev pabcuam ua kom muaj zog (siv cov tooj liab uas twb muaj lawm)
Cov nuj nqis no piav qhia cov qauv tsim tawm: Cov chaw hauv nroog ntev tshaj plaws FTTH (siab xa tus nqi kho mob uas muaj ntau tus neeg siv khoom lag luam). Cov kev tsim kho ntawm nroog Lean FTB / FTTC (sib npaug ntawm tus nqi thiab kev ua tau zoo). Nyob deb nroog keeb kwm tau ua li cas rau FTTN (qis tshaj ib- Tus nqi hauv tsev thaum lub tsev tau tawg).
Tab sis ntawm no yog qhov twg cov kev lag luam tau nthuav: tsoomfwv cov nyiaj pab them thiab hloov kev siv cov xwm txheej hloov kho cov equating no.
Kev Pab Cuam Tshuam
Asmeskas Bead Program faib rau $ 42.45B rau kev nthuav dav dav, nrog kev qhia meej rau kev siv rau "fiber}}}}}}}} thaj chaw" daws teeb meem. Cov kev pabcuam zoo sib xws hauv EU, Australia, thiab Asia ua ntej FTTH / FTTP. Cov kev pab them cover 40-80% ntawm cov nqi xa tawm, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev siv nyiaj txiag.
Yog tsis muaj kev pab nyiaj:
Nyob deb nroog FTHER xa tawm: $ 2,800 / Tsev × 500= $ 1.4m tag nrho tus nqi
Nyiaj tau los txhua hli ntawm $ 70 / Tus Neeg Sau Npe: $ 35,000 (kwv yees 83% siv tus nqi)
Lub sijhawm them rov qab: 3.3 xyoo
Nrog 60% bead kev pab nyiaj:
Net xa tus nqi: $ 560,000
Nyiaj tau los txhua hli: $ 35,000
Lub sijhawm them rov qab: 1.3 xyoo
Dheev, FTH ua kev lag luam zoo dua li FTTC txawm nyob hauv cov chaw nyob deb nroog} Tsis yog vim tias cov txiaj ntsig tau pheej yig. Qhov no piav qhia txog vim li cas lub fiber architecture: thaum tsoomfwv cov nyiaj pab ua rau FTH pheej yig, "peb tsis tuaj yeem them nyiaj ntau" sib cav.
Lub neej yav tom ntej -} Ua pov thawj kev sib cav
Txawm tias thaum FTTC pom kev lag luam txaus nyiam hnub no, xa mus {{{}}}}}}}}}} nrhiav kev soj ntsuam ftth:
Bandwidth thov kev loj hlob:Kev noj nyob ntawm bandwidth tau noj muaj kwv yees li 30-40% txhua xyoo dhau ntawm xyoo dhau los. Lub tsev siv 350 GB / hli nyob rau hauv 2020 siv ~ 900 GB / hli hauv 2024. Projections tau qhia 2-3 tus lej ntawm 2028.
FTHTH nplai kom tau raws li qhov kev thov no los ntawm cov khoom siv hloov khoom siv (hloov OLT / ONT nrog siab dua-} {0}-}}}}}} Cov khoom muaj peev xwm). Lub fiber nws tus kheej txhawb 10+ gbps nrog thev naus laus zis tam sim no,} gbps nrog ze {}} lub tshuab thev naus laus zis.
FTTC saum tawm ntawm 300 {{- 400 mbps tsis hais cov cuab yeej hloov kho tshiab {} Tus lej tooj liab yog cov hlwv. Thaum thov tshaj tus tooj liab muaj peev xwm (kwv yees kom tshwm sim 2027-2030 rau cov neeg siv nyiaj nruab nrab), FTTC Networks yuav tsum tau them cov khoom siv ftth-illing rau fiber ntau ob zaug.
Kev txheeb xyuas Australian ntawm National Broadband Network (NBN) Cov nuj nqis uas pom tau tias yog FTTN (2005-2018) tam sim no tau txhim kho mus rau FTTH (2023-2026) ntawm tus nqi 85% ntawm thawj FTTN xa tawm. Tau lawv siv FTH thaum xub thawj ua ntej, lawv tau txais kev cawmdim billions hauv kev siv nyiaj txiag hauv kev siv nyiaj.
Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Tus Thawj Coj tau lees paub: "FTTN yog kev ua haujlwm yooj yim rau cov nyiaj tau zoo dua hauv kev ua tiav nyiaj txiag. Tab sis peb ib txwm txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nyiaj txiag.
Qhov Kev Txiav Txim Siab: Xaiv txoj cai FTTX architecture
Muab hais tias FTH ua tau zoo dua thiab cov nqi tsawg dua ntev - sij hawm, vim li cas xaiv lwm yam ntxiv? Vim tias kev siv cov kev txwv tsis pub - ncua sij hawm, peev txheej, - Qee cov kev xaiv. Ntawm no yog thaum txhua tus architecture ua rau kev nkag siab:
Xaiv STH thaum:
Koom Tes Pab Txhawb /% + ntawm Cov Nqi Siv
Xa mus rau hauv kev tsim kho tshiab (tsis muaj tus kab lus tseem ceeb)
Cov ntawv thov phiaj yuav tsum muaj cov lus qhia sib txawv (video upload, chaw taws teeb ua haujlwm, telemedicine)
Npaj rau 20+} xyoo infrastructure lifespan
Nce density txhawb kev lag luam (nroog / neeg nyob hauv nroog, lossis kev them nyiaj nyob hauv tebchaws)
Tiag tiag:Lub Nroog Broadband txoj cai xa cov network network . 12, 000 lub tsev, nyob hauv nroog / sab nroog. Bead nyiaj pab 50% ($ 8.4m ntawm $ 16.8m tag nrho). Ncua sij hawm: 3-xyoo rollout.
Txiav txim siab:Ftth. Rationale: cov nyiaj pab ua rau FTH pheej yig. Cov tswv cuab hauv nroog txhais tau tias 30-xyoo kev npaj ua ke qab ntug favors lub neej qis tshaj plaws. Sib tov ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam thiab cov lag luam cov neeg siv xav tau cov bandmetricy sandmetrical. Tsis muaj tooj liab legacy mus rub tawm.
Xaiv FTTB thaum:
Xa mus rau hauv multi - cov units (chav tsev, condos, tub ntxhais kawm vaj tse)
Lub tsev twb tau txais kev xa khoom sab hauv
Nqi {{0 {}} ib-}}
Tus neeg xauj-tsev siab tshaj plaws yog qhov siab (txwv ib -}}} Cov khoom lag luam)
Tiag tiag:Kev nthuav dav ncaj qha retrofitting fiber ntau rau 80-chav tsev chav ua haujlwm. Cov eternet uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv txhua chav. 60}% nyob, siab tig.
Txiav txim siab:FTB nrog fiber ntau rau tsev hauv qab daus, uas muaj eternet uas twb muaj lawm. Qhov Kev Ntseeg: Gigabet Ethernet Txhawb Nqa 1 Gbps rau txhua chav (txaus rau thaj chaw). Fiber - rau - txhua-}}}}}}}}} Nyiaj zoo dua siv rau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig uas nyiam cov neeg xauj tsev.
Xaiv FTTC thaum:
Tooj liab lub tsev nyob rau hauv zoo
Suav daws ua ntej yav tom ntej ftth txhim kho
Tus nqi them txwv tsis pub siv
Cov ntawv thov ua siab rau Asymmetric bandwidth
Tiag tiag:Cooperative ISP pab 4,800 nyob deb nroog tsev. Tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau. Cov peev nyiaj peev $ 5.2m. Cov tsev dispersed (8-40 tauj ib square mais).
Txiav txim siab:FTTC kom npog tau 80% ntawm cov tsev nyob rau xyoo 1-2, nrog rau kev hloov kho FTHURRADE CLASE pib xyoo pib 3 raws li cov nyiaj tau loj hlob. Kev sib zog: FTHth yuav npog tsuas yog 50% ntawm thaj chaw tsis pub dhau nyiaj txiag. FTTC Npog 80%, Kev Xa Mus Rau 100-200 Mbps uas ua tau raws li kev thov tam sim no. Txoj kev npaj suav nrog fiber ntau daim ntawv tso teeb hluav taws xob thaum lub sijhawm FTTC xa tawm, txo cov nqi yav tom ntej FTH Refgrade them los ntawm 35%.
Zam FTTN tshwj tsis yog:
Kiag li tsis muaj lwm tus muaj
Sib Piv Kev (2-3 Xyoo Siab Tshaj)
Twb muaj lawm robust tooj liab cog
Cov neeg siv nkag siab thiab lees txais kev txwv kev ua haujlwm
Tiag tiag:Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev rau kev siv hluav taws xob tom qab kev puas tsuaj loj ua dhau los cuam tshuam dhau los {} i} Cov tsev yuav tsum muaj kev sib txuas tsis pub dhau 4 hlis rau tsev kawm ntawv / ua haujlwm. Tag nrho cov sijhawm tsim txom tag nrho: 18 lub hlis.
Txiav txim siab:Ib ntus fttn los kho cov kev pabcuam, nrog kev npaj tam sim rau FTHLE hloov. Rationale: FTTN tau siv tau nyob hauv 3 lub hlis uas siv tooj liab. Cov neeg siv txais kev ua tau zoo li ib ntus. FTH ERTHERMENT NOJ NIAM LUB HLIS 5, Hloov Chaw FTTN Txheej Txheem Los Ntawm Lub Hlis 18.
Qhov sib piv uas yeej muaj teeb meem: FTH VS FTTC nyob rau hauv tiag tiag xa tawm
Txij li "FTTH VS FTTX" yog cov thev naus laus zis tab sis ua lag luam hais txog fiber ntau {tooj liab, "cia qhov chaw nyob uas sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv xa tawm tiag:
Txhim kho ncua sij hawm
FTH:
Tsim / Tso Cai: 8-12 lub hlis
Kev Tsim Kho: 18-30 Lub Hlis Ib 5,000 Lub Tsev
Rau -}} Kev Txuas Hauv Tsev: 3-5 teev (Fiber Down + Ont Installation)
FTTC:
Tsim / Tso Cai: 6-9 lub hlis
Kev Tsim Kho: 12-20 hlis ib lub tsev 5,000 (tus lej tooj liab uas twb muaj lawm)
Per -}} Kev Txuas Txuas Hauv Tsev: 1-2 teev (cov kev pabcuam rau cov tooj liab uas twb muaj lawm)
FTTC xa 30 {- 40% nrawm dua vim tias cov tooj liab sib txuas twb muaj lawm. Lub sijhawm ntawd tau zoo piav qhia tias yog vim li cas tseem kav cov nom tswv rau "cov menyuam phoo ntawv broadgoog"
Cov Neeg Siv Khoom Sib Piv
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb los ntawm 8, 000+ cov neeg pab cuam hla cov neeg muaj feem:
Tshaj tawm kev txaus siab nrog kev pabcuam:
FTH: 87% txaus siab los yog txaus siab heev
FTTC: 61% txaus siab lossis txaus siab heev
Thawj pawg lus hais:
FTH: Cov Khoom Siv Khoom Siv (42%), Nqi (38%), Kev Teem Caij (20%)
FTC: Ceev InconScentency (54%), upload ceev (31%), huab cua-}} tej yam cuam tshuam (15%)
Cov kev txaus siab GAP nqaim rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tau ua tiav FTTC sib ntsib (thaj chaw tsis pub dhau 150m ntawm cov txee, tus tooj liab zoo). Nws nthuav dav rau qhov chaw FTTC (thaj 250m + los ntawm cov txee, laus tooj liab intrastrastructure).
Tiag - NTIAJ TEB UPGRINS ESTORIPSICS
Ntau tus Isps tau tam sim no ua tiav "FTTC rau FTTH" hloov kho dua tshiab, muab cov ntaub ntawv raug nqi tiag tiag:
Cov xwm txheej:ISP cia FTTC txog 5,000 lub tsev (2015-2017) ntawm $ 1,050 / Tsev nruab nrab tus nqi. Tsib xyoos tom qab (2020-2022), txhim kho rau FTH.
Cov nqi hloov kho:
Fiber ntau installation: $ 580 / hauv tsev nruab nrab
Cov txee tshem tawm thiab cov kev faib tawm fiber ntau: $ 220 / Tsev
Cov Khoom Siv Cov Neeg Siv Khoom (OTT) thiab kev teeb tsa: $ 380 / Tsev
Kev Tswj Xyuas Qhov project thiab Engineering: $ 180 / Tsev
Tag Nrho Cov Nqi Them Nqi: $ 1,360 / Tsev
Tag nrho nqis peev:$ 1,050 (thawj FTTC) + $ 1,360 (txhim kho)=$ 2,410 / Tsev
Tus nqi yog ftth tso tseg thaum pib:$ 1,750 / TSEV (2015-2017 FTTH PRICING)
Khib los ntawm interim fttc xa tawm:$ 660 / Tsev, lossis $ 3.3m rau 5,000 lub tsev
Qhov no yog vim li cas rau pem hauv ntej -} Nrhiav network cov phiaj xwm, zam rau "txawm tias" tsim cov xwm txheej ntau dua "
Cov teeb meem kev lag luam: Thaum Ips Blur cov kab
Ntawm no yog ib qho xwm txheej ua si tawm ntau zaus ntawm ntau lub sijhawm tam sim no: A ISP ADWRIST "Fiber Internet" tsis muaj kev sib hais ua ke architure. Cov neeg siv khoom pov thawj "fiber" txhais tau tias yog ftth. Lawv tso npe, tau txais FTTC cov kev pabcuam, thiab hnov tau dag thaum ua tau zoo thaum ua tau zoo tsis sib xws xav tau.
"Fiber ntau" kev lag luam tsis meej
Technically, FTTCyogFiber hauv Internet - Lub network siv fiber ntau rau 90% + ntawm kev sib txuas. Tab sis cov neeg muaj kev cia siab ntawm "fiber" tau dhau los ua cov lus ntuas nrog "Full fttth."
Ib tus neeg tau txais kev pab tiv thaiv lub koomhaum uas tau pom tias 70% ntawm cov neeg siv khoom pom "fiber ntau Internet" kev tshaj tawm Astis astth. Thaum qhia cov kev pabcuam tau ua tiav FTTC nrog tooj liab kawg nkaus sib txuas, 54% tau hais tias lawv yuav tsis tau yuav, thiab 67% hwm kev tshaj tawm tau yuam kev.
Cov lus teb kev cai sib txawv:
UK cov qauv kev tshaj tawm:Kav cov ntawv tshaj tawm yuav tsum qhia kom meej "fiber ntau" rau ftth, tuaj yeem siv "fiber ntau" rau FTTC tsuas yog piav qhia
Australia Accc:Yuav tsum muaj kev qhia tawm ntawm "hom thev naus laus zis" (FTTH, FTTC, FTTN, thiab lwm yam) hauv kev tshaj tawm
USA:Kev tswj hwm tsawg; FCC cov txheej txheem qhia tau cov lus qhia tab sis tsis txhob tsum hais kom meej cov lus
Yuav ua li cas txiav los ntawm kev ua lag luam
Thaum soj ntsuam ISP Fiber ntau, nug cov lus nug no:
Q1: "Cov fiber ntau tso tseg ntawm kuv thaj tsam khoom ntiag tug lossis nres ntawm daim txee / ntawm?"
Qhov no txiav txim siab FTTH / FTB VS FTTC / FTTN. Yog lawv hais tias "txee" lossis "ntawm," nws tsis yog ftth.
Q2: "Dab tsi upload ceev koj puas lav?"
FTH feem ntau muaj cov kev sib tw sai (yog rub tawm yog 1 Gbps, upload kuj tseem 1 Gbps). FTTC feem ntau muaj 10: 1 Asymmetry (1 Gbps cia, 100 Mbps Up). Yog hais tias upload yog qhov qeeb qeeb tshaj rub tawm, nws tsis yog ftth.
Q3: "Dab tsi thev naus laus zis yuav muab ntsia hauv kuv tsev?"
FTH nruab ib qho ont (kho qhov muag network davhlau ya nyob twg) uas hloov kho qhov muag rau hluav taws xob. FTTC feem ntau ua kom cov xov tooj uas twb muaj lawm lossis teeb tsa vdsl modem. Yog tias cov lus teb yog "Modem ntawm koj tus xov tooj," nws yog FTTC / FTTN.
Q4: "Puas muaj kev ua tau zoo cuam tshuam los ntawm kev deb ntawm koj cov khoom siv?"
FTH kev ua tau zoo yog nyob deb -}} ywj siab} nyob rau hauv cov nyom uas tsim nyog (txog 20km). FTTC / FTTN kev ua yeeb yam tsis muaj peev xwm nrog kev deb ntawm cov txee / ntawm. Yog tias lawv hais txog kev txwv kev deb, nws tsis yog FTTH.
Cov lus nug cov lus teb tshwj xeeb cov lus teb tshwj xeeb uas qhia cov architecture, txiav los ntawm "kev lag luam hauv internet fiber ntau".
Cov Lus Nquag Nug
Tsis yog ftth tsuas yog ib hom fttx, ua qhov kev sib piv no tsis muaj qab hau?
Kho -} Technically, FTHth yog ib qho kev tsim qauv tshwj xeeb hauv tsev neeg muaj kev sib piv ntawm FTTX "kev sib piv cov hluav taws xob tsis sib piv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv lag luam tau tsim cov tswv yim sib txawv uas cov neeg siv "FTTX" li Shott) piv rau "lub ntsiab lus" fiber ntau rau hauv tsev. " Thaum cov neeg feem coob nrhiav cov kev sib piv no, lawv tau nug tag nrho cov fiber ntau rau kuv lub tsev lub tsev uas tsis ua tiav ntawm lub txee rau kev sib txuas nrog tus tooj liab? " Cov ntsiab lus sib piv yog FTH piv rau FTTC lossis FTTN, tsis ftth piv rau tag nrho FTTX qeb. To taub cov lus tsis meej pem no yuav pab koj nug cov lus nug yog thiab zam kev ua yuam kev siv tau raws li cov kev tsis nkag siab.
Yog tias STTh yog qhov zoo dua, vim li cas ib tug neeg yuav xaiv FTTC lossis FTTN?
Economics, ncua sij hawm, thiab kev txwv. FTH nqi 40 - 80% ntxiv mus rau FTTC hauv cov xwm txheej raug ($ 1,500} 2 {}- 1,200 / tsev). Rau ISPs tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau cov nyiaj pab, npog cov chaw deb nroog nrog FTH yuav yog nyiaj txiag tsis yooj yim sua-FTTC tso cai rau kev xa khoom nyob rau hauv peev muaj kev txwv. Ib qho ntxiv, FTTC xa cov 30-40% nrawm dua vim tias nws muaj kev sib txuas tau muaj rau kev sib txuas lus kawg rau kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm rau kev siv tsheb ciav hlau. Hauv cov xwm txheej nrog cov tooj liab muaj nyob zoo thiab cov neeg siv tam sim no xav tau qis dua 100-200 Mbps, FTTC muab kev pabcuam txaus ntawm tus nqi qis. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj xyuas sij hawm mus sij hawm ntev qhia tau tsawg tus nqi ntawm cov tswv cuab-FTTC's "evaporate thaum muaj kev saib xyuas txij nkawm thiab kev txhim kho lwm yam kev tsim nyog. Niaj hnub tso cov kev xa tawm nce siab ntxiv ftth txhua qhov chaw uas pab them nyiaj lossis tus neeg mob peev ua rau nws ua tau.
Yuav FTTC puas tuaj yeem hloov kho mus rau ftth tom qab yam tsis tau tsim kho txhua yam?
Ib nrab, tab sis nws kim heev - ib txwm 60} 17}} 80% ntawm cov thawj ftth xa tus nqi. FTTH UPRRADES YUAV TSUM: Txhim kho fiber ntau ntawm cov khoom lag luam rau txhua lub tsev ($) {{{{{{{{}}} ($ 150 {{{}} 250 / Tsev). Tag nrho cov nqi nce qib feem ntau $ 1,150-1,850 / Tsev. Txij li thaum xub thawj FTTC xa tau raug nqi $ 600-1,200 / tsev, sib xyaw ua ke $ 1,200-2,500 / tsev yog ftth tso rau thaum pib. Lub "Txuag" los ntawm FTTC ploj thaum cov nqi hloov kho tau suav nrog. Txawm li cas los xij, Smart Fttc kev xa tawm tuaj yeem txo cov nqi yav tom ntej los ntawm kev txhim kho ua ntej ua ntej thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, khaws cia kom tsaus ntuj kom txog thaum nce qib. Qhov "FTTC-npaj-rau-ftth" kom ze nqi 15-25% ntau dua cov qauv FTTC tab sis txo cov nqi nce los ntawm 30-40%.
Yuav ua li cas kuv thiaj paub yog tias kuv "Fiber Internet" yog qhov tseeb ftth lossis FTTC?
Txheeb xyuas cov cim qhia ntawv: FTH muaj itt (kho qhov muag network) kem ntawm koj lub phab ntsa uas nquag nyob sab nraum koj lub tsev lossis hauv qab daus / chaw tso dej. FTTC siv koj tus xov tooj uas twb muaj lawm tus xov tooj lossis cable TV coax, txuas los ntawm modem / rooj vag / rooj vag. Kev ntsuam xyuas upload vs rub tawm: FTHTH feem ntau muab cov lus qhia nrawm (1 Gbps} 4}} gbps cia, 50}} Kev ua tau zoo ib yam tseem qhia tau Architecture-FTH tswj Rated Speeds tsis hais huab cua lossis lub sijhawm FTTC Tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim thaum los nag thiab cov sijhawm siv sijhawm. Thaum kawg, nug koj ISP ncaj qha: "Puas yog fiber ntau ntawm kuv cov khoom ntiag tug lossis nres ntawm txoj kev txee?" Yog yog qhov raug cai tau raug cai no; Evasas cov lus teb pom tias FTTC raug kev lag luam ua "fiber ntau."
Puas yog qhov kev xaiv ntawm FTH thiab FTTC teeb meem rau cov neeg siv uas tsuas yog kwj tawm video?
Rau cov streaming yooj yim, FTTC's 100 {{{{{{{8} muaj feem ntau 4k netflix yuav tsum tsuas yog 25 Mbps, ntau yam ntws ua haujlwm zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsev neeg niaj hnub ua ntau dua li cov chaw ua haujlwm video (20K video uploads (4k FTTC's asymmetric bandwidth struggles with upload-heavy activities, and copper segment adds 15-30ms latency versus FTTH's 1-5ms. Tsis tas li ntawd, FTTC kev ua tiav txawv ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob 100 mbps thaum koj nyob ntawm 280M yuav tau txais 75 MBPs, txawm hais tias cov phiaj xwm kev pabcuam 75 feeb. Nrhiav rau pem hauv ntej, bandwidth xav tau loj hlob 30-40% txhua xyoo. FTTC Yuav Hnub No Mus Txog Qhov Muaj Peev Xwm Txwv tsis pub dhau 3-5 xyoos, xav tau kev txhim kho lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. FTH tau yuav hnub no tseem nyob10-15+}} xyoo dhau los ntawm cov cuab yeej hloov kho ib leeg.
Yog FTTX suav nrog FTTH, Vim li cas EMP tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm lawv li cov kev pabcuam sib txawv?
Kev lag luam sib txawv thiab cov qhua tuaj noj mov. Isps xa cov ftth tag nrho xav paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov kev pabcuam zoo tshaj los ntawm cov neeg sib tw los ntawm cov neeg sib tw los ntawm cov neeg sib tw ua kom zoo "lossis" fiber ntau rau hauv tsev "hauv kev tshaj tawm. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov kev ua lag luam tsim kev nkag siab tias "FTTX" txhais tau tias "ua kom zoo nkauj" FTTH "FORT- thev naus laus zis tsis ncaj ncees lawm tab sis ua lag luam ua lag luam. Ib txhia ISP siv tau siv qhov kev tsis meej pem no, tshaj tawm "Fiber" lossis "FTTX" tsis muaj tseeb nws yog FTTC nrog tseem ceeb tooj liab ntu. Cov neeg siv khoom pov thawj "fiber" txhais tau tias yog ftth kev ua tau zoo thiab kos npe, tsuas yog tshawb pom kev txwv tom qab. Kev tswj cov lus teb txawv txav txawv txav txawv teb chaws los ntawm lub teb chaws-}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} Tso cai "fiber ntau" kev lag luam. Qhov no yog vim li cas cov kev pab cov neeg siv khoom nug cov lus nug txog thev naus laus zis ntau dua li kev lees txais cov ntsiab lus "fiber ntau hauv internet" kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam.
Puas muaj scenarios nyob qhov twg fttc outperforms ftth?
Hauv kev xa tawm, tsis muaj {- ftth cov kev ua tau zoo tshaj FTTY (bandymetry, nyob deb} {1}- kev ywj pheej). Txawm li cas los xij, FTTC tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau "Outperform" hauv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb: yog tias muab cov khoom siv tshiab sib koom ua ke) Qhov no qhia txog kev siv FTH tsis zoo, tsis yog architecture zoo dua. FTTC kuj yog "Outperforms" ntawm kev xa cov sijhawm {}}}} Cov me nyuam ua haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm txawm tias kev ua haujlwm qis dua. Qee qhov kev sib cav FTTC muab kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus nqi qis, ua rau nws tus nqi qis dua, "tab sis siv sijhawm ntev dua 10+ xyoo. The only genuine FTTC advantage: Lower upfront capital requirement for cash-constrained deployers-but this is financial constraint, not performance advantage.
Yuav ua li cas rau FTTC tes hauj lwm ntev - lub sij hawm raws li bandwidth xav tau nce?
Lawv dhau los ua lwm yam ntxiv, xav tau cov kev hloov kho uas kim dua rau hauv cov ntawv lossis ua tiav hloov. FTC's Tooj Liab Segment Fundamentally Caps ntau tshaj plaws ntawm 250}}}}}}}}}}}} 300m txwv dab tsi tiav. Raws li tsev neeg bandwidth xav tau cog 30 {{{{{{{{}} 40% txhua xyoo, FTTC Networks tsoo lub peev xwm phab ntsa muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm muaj phab ntsa muaj peev xwm. Cov cim qhia ntxov: Yav tsaus ntuj lub ntsej muag qeeb qeeb, upload cov kev tsis txaus siab ceev, cov neeg siv khoom thov tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm tau txais kev pabcuam kev pabcuam gigign Isps lub ntsej muag xaiv nyuaj: kim fttc- Real-world examples: UK's Openreach began FTTC-to-FTTH overbuild (2020+) despite deploying FTTC just 2015-2018. Australia NBN nce qib FTTN cheeb tsam (xa tawm 2015-2018) rau FTTH (2023-2026) ntawm tus nqi loj. Ob qho tib si no ua rau FTC muaj txiaj ntsig tsawg nyiaj rau 5-8 xyoos, ces tsis muaj lawm. FTH lub neej: 20-30+}} xyoo dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv hloov khoom, tsis muaj kev hloov kho vaj tsev uas xav tau.
Cov kab hauv qab: Tsis txhob muab sib piv, pib ua kom meej
Tom qab tshuaj xyuas ntau pua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv fiber ntau thiab kaum vs fttx "tsis meej pem" uas yog qhov zoo dua "thiab pib ua kom meej meej qhov koj xav tau.
Yog tias koj yog tus neeg siv khoom:Tsis txhob lees txais "fiber ntau Internet" Kev Lag Luam. Nug cov lus nug: Cov fiber ntau rau qhov twg ua tiav? Dab tsi yog kuv upload ceev? Cov khoom siv dab tsi nruab rau ntawm kuv lub tsev? Kev cuam tshuam deb ntawm kev ua tau zoo? Cov lus nug cov lus nug yog nthuav qhia kev ua lag luam tiag tiag thiab ntsuas seb "fiber ntau" FTTH, FTTC, lossis FTTN.
Yog tias koj tab tom npaj xa khoom:Nkag siab tias "FTTX" yog qeb, tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev FTH. Koj qhov kev txiav txim siab tiag tiag yog nyob ntawm FTH, FTTB, FTTC, thiab FTTN-} txhua yam raug nqi / kev ua lag luam luam tawm. Lub neej ntawd los ftth thaum twg:
Cov nqi them nyiaj 40% + ntawm cov nqi
Npaj siab tshaj 10 xyoo
Cov ntawv thov yuav tsum muaj cov lus sib dhos
Zam kev txhim kho cov nqi tam sim no
Xaiv FTTC tsuas yog thaum:
Peev txheej constrainted kiag li txwv tsis pub ftth
Koj cog lus rau ftth txhim kho txoj kev hauv 5-7 xyoo
Cov neeg siv tam sim no xav tau ua kom poob qis dua 100 MBPS
Tsis txhob xaiv FTTN tshwj kev tshwj tsis yog muaj xwm ceev sib xyaw (2-3 xyoos ntau dua ua ntej FTH hloov).
Yog tias koj tau ntsuas cov neeg muag khoom quotes:Nco ntsoov qhia meej meej meej lub xeev lub sij hawm lub sij hawm taw tes. "FTTX xa tawm" yog tsis muaj qab yam tsis muaj architecture specification. Yuav tsum muaj cov neeg muag khoom yuav tsum hais kom meej: FTH, FTTB, FTTC, lossis FTTN. Thov kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem lav (ceev ntawm qhov deb, upload / rub cov cim duab, latency) uas qhia tawm kev ua vajtse tiag tiag. Ib qho kev tsocai cog lus "1 Gbps symmetrical" yog qhia meej ftth lossis yog dag - fttc tsis tuaj yeem xa cov lus qhia ntawd.
Tus koomhaum hauv nroog uas tau pom lawv cov "FTH" hais lus yog tiag FTTC kawm cov lus qhia kim. Lawv renegotiated, pom cov nyiaj pab ntxiv, thiab xa cov ntawv tiag tiag hauv FTH. Ob xyoos tom qab, lawv tau xa cov kev pab cuam symmetrical ua kom telemedicine, chaw taws teeb ua haujlwm, thiab kev hloov pauv kev lag luam tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa. Qhov ntxiv $ 640k? Payback nyob rau hauv 4 xyoos los ntawm cov nqi them nyiaj ntau dua thiab txo tus nqi txij nkawm.
Qhov sib piv "FTTH VS FTTX" qhia tsis meej pem, tsis yog lub ntsiab lus xaiv. FTTH yog ib hom FTTX. Cov ntsiab lus sib piv: FTH piv FTTC. Tag nrho fiber ntau tiv tiag hybrid fiber- tooj liab {4} {}}} 7 xyoo interim daws teeb meem. Thaum koj nkag siab txog cov kev sib txawv no, tus "kev ploj" ploj mus los ntawm kev txiav txim siab meej los ntawm kev txiav txim siab thiab cov hom phiaj.
Xaiv kev txhob txwm. Qhia meej meej. Tso rau lub sijhawm ntev. Thiab nres muab piv rau FTTH rau FTTX- Lawv tsis muaj kev xaiv.
Tseem Ceeb Takaways
FTH tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev FTTX- nws yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam hauv fttx, ua "sib piv ntawm" sedans vs tsheb ")
Kev Siv Nyiaj Siv Tsim Nyog Dichotomy qhov twg "FTTX" implates fiber ntau {Lub ntsiab lus "FORTH" lub ntsiab lus "
FTH muab cov khoom plig ncaj qha rau cov khoom lag luam zoo nrog 1-5ms latency; FTTC saum tawm ntawm 100-300 Mbps nrog asymmetric bandwidth thiab 10-30ms latency; Kev ua tau zoo GAP yog ntau, tsis yog marginal
FTH nqi 40-80% ntxiv rau kev tso cai thaum pib tab sis tsim 60% tus nqi tswj tsev qis dua 10 xyoo, ua kom tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov tswv cuab qis dua xyoo 4
Kev Hloov Kho FTHC rau FTHT UPNTS tus nqi 60 - 80% ntawm cov thawj ftth tsim nyog tau them nyiaj ntau dua thaum tsim nyog
67% ntawm cov tub ceev xwm cov haujlwm muaj kev paub meej thaum npaj, muaj hnub nyoog 23% yog FTTC / FTTB {}} Qhov kev kho siab nruab nrab: $ 127,000
Tsoomfwv Pab Nyiaj Pab (Bead, EU cov kev pab cuam) Npog 40-80% ntawm cov nqi yog intth nyiaj txiag txawm tias tsim nyog tseem ceeb
Thaum ntsuas iSp "fiber ntau is taws nem" thov, nug txog qhov kev ua tau zoo sib txawv los ntawm kev deb {{}}} Cov lus nug no nthuav qhia tiag tiag architecture
Cov Ntaub Ntawv Teev
Kev Tshawb Xyuas Cov Kev Tshawb Xyuas Pheej Ntawv Xa Ntawv Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Xyuas thiab Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Tshawb Xyuas (2020-2024)
FTTH Council Cov Qauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam - Cov ntsiab lus ntawm FTH, FTTB, FTTC, FTTN Architectures (2006 Txheem)
Isp Network Kev Kawm Txuj Ci ... {}} tiag-} Ntiaj Teb Kev Ua Haujlwm Thoob Ntiaj Teb sib tw sib piv architecture
Network hloov kho kev lag luam - tiag} tus nqi ntawm fttc- ftth conversions los ntawm ntau yam isps (2020-2024)
Cov neeg siv khoom siv kev tshawb fawb -} Cov ntaub ntawv kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm Fiber Ntau Tshaj Tawm Kev Tshaj Tawm thiab Kev Txaus Siab (8, {Autcribers)